Macro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro economics - Essay Example 9.7 %. The declined level of disposable income would result in slowing down of the consumption rate as well. Higher disposable incomes are prerequisite to boost the economy of a country. This is because higher level of disposable income facilitates to augment consumption and greater rate of consumption in turn leads to enhanced spending which is necessary for economic development (Orlik and Davis, â€Å"China Falters in Effort to Boost Consumption†). RETAIL SALES Chinese retail sales have been lowered to 12.7% in the first half of 2013 against the impressive rate of 14.4 % on YoY (Year-on-Year basis) in 2012 (Orlik and Davis, â€Å"China Falters in Effort to Boost Consumption†). ECONOMIC GROWTH Chinese economic growth also decelerated to 7.5% in the second quarter of 2013 against the previous year’s rate. Apart from the Chinese economic growth rate, this article revealed the growth rate related to the United States. The QoQ (Quarter on Quarter) annualized basis g rowth rate related to the United States came out as 6.9% in 2013 which is slightly up from the previous year’s (2012’s) growth rate i.e. 6.6%. However, this rate was far below than the government target growth rate i.e. 7.5% (Orlik and Davis, â€Å"China Falters in Effort to Boost Consumption†). INFRASTRUCTURE The article has revealed that the new residential properties under construction in China have grown to 2.9 % YoY basis in the first half of the year 2013. It also revealed the fact that the real estate prices in China especially in the cities such as Beijing as well as Shenzhen have grown by double-digit (Orlik and Davis, â€Å"China Falters in Effort to Boost Consumption†). 2. GOVERNMENT ROLE IN THE ECONOMY Government plays a vital role towards the economic development of a country. Government roles involve developing various economic policies for the country, defending the nation’s borders, operating courts and legal systems. Government pla ys an important role to regulate tax system of the country along with investing capital for developing various infrastructures within the country. Government has three major roles in the economy. Firstly, it establishes and upholds various property rights. Secondly, it offers nonmarket mechanism for allotting limited resources and thirdly it implements provisions that redistribute wealth and income (Parkin 371-372). In case of Chinese economy as well, the government has strived to take certain measures in terms of preparing economic restructuring plan through laying its focus on investment related to ensuring energy efficiency along with information technology. It has also encouraged different institutions to provide lending to the country’s smaller sized organizations (Orlik and Davis, â€Å"China Falters in Effort to Boost Consumption†). 3. IMPRESSIONS DERIVED FROM THE ARTICLE The article i.e. â€Å"China Falters in Effort to Boost Consumption† published in Th e Wall Street Journal provides an explanation to the latest economic developments in China. It has revealed vital facts relating to the growth rate of China with regard to various fields especially unban household. Beijing’s plan to cut focus on undependable exports also creates a hindrance to growth as urban households level of disposable incomes reduces. Initial part of the article discloses various in

Alfred Adler’s “The Neurotic Constitution” Essay Example for Free

Alfred Adler’s â€Å"The Neurotic Constitution† Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most common negative attributes an individual possess is insecurity.   Common among adolescents, insecurity can be exhibited through either inferiority complex or superiority complex.   This paper would present Alfred Adler’s theory of personality which concentrated on the reason as to why an individual develops feelings of insecurity and why this remains part of the individual’s behavior despite them reaching adulthood or old age. Adler’s Individual Personality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result of debates with Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (2007) developed his own theory of personality which he called as the â€Å"Individual Personality. †Ã‚   Adler believed that it is the motivations experienced by an individual that determines his or her role in society as well as being responsible for an individual’s uniqueness.   Under the Individual Personality theory, Adler presented two psychological conditions which he termed as â€Å"inferiority complex† and â€Å"superiority complex.†Ã‚   These conditions are commonly experienced by an individual during the early childhood years and would eventually lead to the individual to suffer neurosis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An individual suffering from either inferior or superiority complex requires an expedient to allow him or her to focus on the uncertainty of his or her existence.   By doing so, the individual is able to do a self-estimation of all evils and considers him or her to feel incompetent, inferior, degraded and insecure.   In order for the individual to find a guiding principle he or she uses either his or her parent who attributed his or her values to (Adler 2007). Based on the study of cause, behavior, manifestation and altered modes of activity, Adler (2007) discovered that there was a link between the individual developing an inferiority complex and the individual having underdeveloped organs resulting to the nervous system to compensate these.   As a result, the individual develops what Adler termed as somatic inferiority and eventually becomes a permanent compelling part of the individual’s psyche.   The only way this could be addressed is through the intervention of a psychologist. Another reason for the development of superior or inferiority complex among individuals is their desire to become what they consider to be great and strong.   This desire then influences their conduct, psychical and physical attitudes.   Oftentimes, individuals would experience temporary denials and discomforts, particularly during the early childhood years.   This leads them to seek the impulse to develop character traits that they would consider as common.    It is also during this period of time that individuals experience feelings of weaknesses, helplessness and feelings of anxiety.   At the same time, the development of these negative behaviors allows the individual to realize his or her strengths which results to the individual a sense of gratitude towards his strengths.   This, along with the development of obedience, allows the individual to develop an accentuation of his or her ego consciousness by assisting him or her to achieve the goal of his or her personality which is to strive for superiority (Adler 2007). Adler (2007) also stated that the parental neglect experienced by an individual as he or she grows up would result to the child developing feelings of aggression and contribution to the individual’s development of inferiority.   This is particularly evident among individuals who have been brought up in large families where the individual has a lot of siblings. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Insecurities are commonplace among each and every individual such that it would seem to be impossible to find an individual who does not possess any form of insecurity.   Adler’s theory provided valid explanations not only as to why individuals possess feelings of insecurity but also why certain individuals are more insecure than others.   Along with his theory, Adler presented factors that cause the emergence of insecurities among individuals.   The first is physical.   Many of people who are insecure are those who are inflicted with what society would consider as physical abnormalities.   They are viewed by society as different and as a result would make them to ridicule and bullying.   Another factor presented was the family.    On one hand, any children feel that they are pressured into following the footsteps of their parents which would let them feel that the only way to be accepted and considered as â€Å"doing the right thing† is if they would follow the footsteps of their parents.   On the other hand, because of the changes in lifestyles of most families, parents tend to have lesser time for their children.   The parental neglect causes the children to feel abandoned and as a result would develop insecurities which they would try to hide by creating an image that they are superior, hence the development of the superiority complex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All in all, society has played a part in the formation of insecurities of an individual.   Most often than not, individuals are not even aware that they in fact possess feelings of insecurity which is why only through the intervention of a psychologist and an open mind would an individual discover these insecurities and work on these insecurities in order to develop a stronger personality which is the goal of an individual. Reference Adler, A. (2007). The neurotic constitution: the origin and development of the feeling of inferiority. In H. S. Friedman M. W. Schustack (Eds.), The personality reader (pp. 42-43).   Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon.

Effects of Hair and Eye Color on Attraction

Effects of Hair and Eye Color on Attraction Cory Jones Abstract Mating preferences come in a wide variety. Many studies have been done focusing on the importance of physical attraction in partners. But little research has been done showing specific features important in mating. This research was conducted to see if lighter hair and eye color was found more attractive to men. 172 men and women participants took part in an online survey based on attractiveness. Each participant was asked to rate ten photographs based on physical attractiveness, sexual attractiveness, and how approachable they found each photo. Five photographs with light hair and eyes were used, along with the same five photographs manipulated to have dark hair and eyes. Results found that the women with lighter hair and eyes were found more attractive. Results also found that women reported pictures more attractive than men did. The Effects of Hair and Eye Color on Attraction We often wonder what attracts people to their potential mates. It has been established after decades of research that men and women differ in what characteristics they find important in a romantic partner. Both men and women have specified they want a mate who is understanding, kind, dependable, sociable, stable and intelligent (Botwin, Buss, Shackelford, 1997). But men and women do not always agree on the same desires for their potential partners. Men have a greater desire for romantic partners who are physically attractive. Women on the other hand have a higher desire for romantic partners who have a good earning potential (Eastwick Finkel, 2008). Numerous studies in psychological research have focused on the importance of physical attractiveness in heterosexual attraction but minimal research has been done on specific physical features preferences (Feinman Gill, 1978). Studies that have looked at physical attraction as a specific preference have found it to be an important trait in dating but also noticed it was usually recorded in broad terms like â€Å"good looking† and not specific features. Sexual selection has also been suggested as an important strength in human evolution. Sexual selection is believed to be significant in attractiveness standards for physical appearance (Hulse, 1967). In 2006, researchers Laeng, Mathisen, and Johnsen tested for assurance of paternity by using close up photographs of adult men and young women with either blue or brown eyes. The photographs were rated on attractiveness by young women and men observers also with blue and brown eyes. They manipulated the eye color in the photographs of each model so that the same face would be shown with either the natural eye color or the opposite eye color. The only preference found was that blue eyed men rated the blue eyed women more attractive that the brown eyed women. Another study they ran included both sexes with different eye colors. They were asked to report the hair and eye color of their romantic partners. Their responses indicated mating by eye and hair color. In these findings blue eyed men were the largest group with partners of the same eye color. The results suggest the occurrence of male adaptation of an extra-pair paternity based on eye color, as a phenotypically based assurance of paternity. This is when the father and child’s phenotypes match. It is also a defense against cuckoldry this is when the phenotypes do not match. In a study by Feinman and Gill (1978), they looked at the popular stereotype in American media and popular culture that proclaims there is a greater desirability of women with light eye color, light hair color, and fair complexion. There were 482 women and 549 men who participated in a questionnaire that indicated their preferences and dislikes for numerous somatic and physiognomic characteristics of the opposite sex. They had a choice to indicate more than one preference of particular characteristic or no preference. They were also asked to indicate specific dislikes for each characteristic, also allowing them to respond multiple or no dislikes. In their findings men indicated a slightly greater preference for lighter women coloration and women indicated a slightly greater preference for darker male coloration. Manipulating eye color is fairly simple compared to alternating skin tone or facial features. Therefore it is surprising that more research has not been conducted on eye color. One explanation for the lack of research is because people classify eye color as a static signal effective in the human interactive situation (Hickson, Powell Sandoz, 1987). Static signals are permanent features of the face like skin color, bone structure, and eye color. There have been a wide range of studies being completed on physical characteristics but a conflicting amount have been conducted on the characteristics of eye and hair color, this helped form this research idea. Men will be more attracted to a woman with lighter hair and eye color. Method Participants 172 participants took part voluntarily in an experiment on attractiveness. All participants were recruited by word of mouth, links posted on professional websites, and social media websites. Participants had to be over the age of 18 to participate in the study. All of the participant’s information was anonymous and cannot be linked back to them in anyway. There was no compensation given for participation. The participants were asked to give their ethnicity, hair color, and eye color. Out of the 107 female participants the majority were Caucasian. Their hair color was reported to be 28 light, 70 dark, and 9 in the other category. Their eye color was reported to be 52 with light, 54 dark, and 1 in the other category. Out of the 65 male participants the majority were Caucasian. Their hair was reported to be 15 light, 49 dark, and 3 in the other category. Their eyes were reported to be 39 with light and 28 dark. Confederates There were five blonde confederates used in this study. They were all 21 years of age. They were recruited by one of the researchers. They were given a media consent form stating that they were aware their pictures were going to be manipulated and used in surveys. They were asked to stand in front of a Crayola white poster board. The confederates wore the same Hanes white t-shirt. The researcher took a picture of them using an IPhone 4s camera. The confederates were all aware they would get no incentives for the use of their picture and were also notified they would not be able to take part in the surveys. The confederates’ hair and eye color were manipulated on the program Pixelmator. Confederates’ original photos were used in the surveys, along with a manipulated one which gave them all darker hair and eye color. Materials There were two surveys created for this study. The only difference between the surveys was the wording of the questions for each gender. Men were asked to rate how they viewed the photo but women were asked how they believed a man would rate the photo. The surveys consisted of an electronic informed consent, which each participant had to agree to before moving on. Both surveys consisted of ten pictures. Each picture had three questions asking the participants to rate the photo on physically attractive, sexually attractive, and approachableness. Two five point rating scales were used in the survey. The physically and sexually attractive questions were based on: not attractive, somewhat attractive, neutral, attractive, and very attractive. The approachable question used: not approachable, somewhat approachable, neutral, approachable, and very approachable. After rating the pictures the participants were asked their ethnicity, age, eye, and hair color. The survey ended with a debriefing form explaining the hypothesis and allowing them our contact information if they had any questions. Procedure After the survey was opened participants had to confirm they were over the age of 18. A consent form also had to be confirmed before allowing the participant to continue. The confederate pictures then appeared in random order to each participant. The same three questions and point scales appeared with each picture, depending on the gender selected. After participants completed the ratings they were asked their ethnicity, age, gender, hair, and eye color. They were then shown the debriefing form before exiting the study. Data was collected online through the website Qualtrics, where the survey was created. The data was then examined by the researchers. Results from any survey completed in less than one minute were deleted. Short response times were deleted because we did not believe the survey could have been completed in under a minute if the participants were actually giving thought to the questions. The results of participants that had taken the opposite gender’s survey were also removed. The researchers then analyzed the remaining data using SPSS statistical software. Results Our hypothesis was supported by our data. There was a main effect of gender and hair color qualified by an interaction between the two. There was a significant difference found between the score for light hair/eyes (M = 3.36, SD = .560) and dark hair/eyes (M = 3.47, SD = .596); t(192) = 4.69, p = .000. Also from using the paired samples t-test we found that our average was based on three specific confederate’s photos. The other two confederates’ pictures were rated similar with both the light and dark manipulation. Using a within subject design we found that surprisingly, females rated the confederates higher than the males did. This between effects of gender is shown in Figure 1. (talk about interaction factor 1* f/sig(F(1,170 ) = 4.42, p ) (add in f terms) Discussion We proposed that males would be more attracted to a female with lighter hair and eye color. The results from our data analyzes supported our prediction. Although, the means were not an enormous difference there is still one present. We were surprised to find that three out of the five confederates had a large influence on the results. The other two confederates had opposite findings and both were rated relatively close in both light and dark photographs. A reason for this may be that participants were judging on static signals instead hair and eye color. Another reason may be that the confederate’s hair did not look natural in the darker color; this may have caused them to rate the original blonde photo higher. Similar research from Feinman et al. 1978 also found that males had a greater preference for lighter female coloration. In a study done by Hickson et al. 1987 they also manipulated photograph’s eye color. They found men rated the confederate as being more physically attractive. We initially thought that men would rate confederates higher as well. Specifically, we surmised that men would find women with lighter hair more attractive than women with darker hair. We only used photographs of blondes and brunettes. In future studies it may be interesting to see use of red and black hair incorporated into the survey. Also, we only used pictures of females. There may be a different outcome if females would have looked at male’s photographs, versus judging how they think a male will view the picture. If future studies had a larger sample size the research may be able to find an effect of participants’ eye color changing their views on confederates. Also, asking participants to record their partner’s hair and eye color if they are in a relationship could also be interesting. Future research needs to be done on what attracts people to their potential mates Limitations We were not able to use brown haired confederates because of issues editing the darker hair. The confederate’s different facial features and smiles could have had an effect on the ratings of the photos. Also, the hair lengths and styles were all different, which could have also changed the way they rated the photographs. Because only one researcher collected photographs only five confederate photos were used. The more photographs used could have made it so participants were not noticing they were seeing the same person. Only having a few confederates also may have created a problem because all confederates were age 21, and we had a wide age range of participants in the study. The small sample size is a huge limitation of this research. References Botwin, M., Buss, D. M., Shackelford, T. K. (1997). Personality and mate preferences: Five  factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 65, 107-136. Eastwick, P. W., Finkel, E. J. (2008). Sex difference in mate preferences revisited: Do people  know what they initially desire in a romantic partner? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 245-264. Feinman, S., Gill, G. W. (1978). Sex differences in physical attractiveness preferences. The  Journal of Social Psychology,105, 43-52. Hickson, M., Powell, L., Sandoz, M. L. (1987). The effects of eye color on homophily,  attraction, and credibility. Communication Research Reports, 4(2), 20-23. Hulse, F. S. (1967). Selection for skin color among the Japanese. American Journal of Physical  Anthropology, 27(2), 143-156. Laeng, B., Mathisen, R., Johnsen, J. (2006). Why do blue-eyed men prefer women with the  same eye color? Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology, 61(3), 371-384. Figure 1

Comparing The Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay -- English Lit

Comparing The Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake In this essay I am going to analyse, compare and contrast two poems by William Blake. They are called 'The Lamb' and 'The Tyger'. I will be looking at how Blake uses imagery, structure and form to create effects and how the environment that Blake lived in affected the way he wrote his poems. In the late 18th century, the world was changing and developing into a new world quite fast. Blake was born in London, the third of five children. Because of the relatively lower middle class status of his fathers line of work, Blake was raised in a state of not quite poverty, but he saw what life could really be like if he was down on his luck, and this he would experience for the rest of his life. When he was nineteen the American Revolution happened and this caused great social unrest in the high and wealthy classes. Then, when he was 32, the French Revolution occurred which signalled the end of the monarchy and aristocracy in France. This, not surprisingly, caused the same area of society in Britain to fear that the same would happen in their back yard. Blake was still writing at the start of the Industrial Revolution, this time became the primary phase in which heavy machinery was used in factories and mines. This created a feeling of great political upheaval and paranoia, shown by the appearance of the Luddites. All these events affected the way Blake wrote, in the way that he spoke about how the power of God can influence us, the world being a beautiful place, but man not being in harmony with it all. Where he lived was an awful place, he lived next to a graveyard and a workhouse. People died in the street and he witnessed it all, but he was stil... ...bles as the one that preceded it. "By the stream & and o'er mead" the missing 'v' in over reduces the amount of syllables from two to one. This is so that the rhyming pattern will be even (6,6,7,7,7,7,7,7,6,6) instead of (6,6,7,8,7,7,7,7,6,6), also most of the rhymes in this poem are visual as well as oral this emphasizes the poems rhymes and thus allowing the message to get through clearer. The language used in 'the Tyger' is, in places, very similar to that of 'the lamb'. It uses alliteration in the phrase, "burning bright" to emphasize how striking the colour of this animals coat is. It also uses the old forms of address and it too has visual rhymes as well as oral ones. But what it has that 'the lamb' doesn't is, it repeats words one after the other in the phrase "Tyger, Tyger", this is used the same way alliteration is to stress the metaphor.

Innovation Paper

? Introduction Innovation is about partnerships. It involves advancing new and improved ideas and is relevant to all communities. Partnerships create and promote entrepreneurship, the development of technology and its commercialization. Taken together, they are critical to enhancing many organizations and America’s global competitiveness. Workforce development and education support innovation and entrepreneurship, and linking these activities are important in developing a competitive innovation and an entrepreneurial system. This paper will discuss how to identify and characterize promoting innovation, the role of leadership in sustaining innovation and the ethical implications of promoting innovation in an office environment. How would you identify and characterize the roles of incentives, training, and education in promoting innovation in your organization. In order to effectively promote innovation organizations must give their employees; â€Å"meeting and recreational space which lead to spontaneous encounters and informal networking, both are important facilitators of innovation† (Bettina Von Stamm,  2003,  para. &5). These incentives cannot act alone and instead must act together through managerial efforts with their upper level management. By working together and introducing organizational competitiveness throughout the company, upper level management and everyone else will recognize the results of better communication, coordination and cohesiveness of their innovation related efforts. Through collaborative efforts, organizations become stronger by leveraging and combining the individual strengths and resources of each employee. America’s colleges and universities are key assets that must be tapped in order to advance our nation’s innovation strategy. The United States has the best higher education system in the world and that system should be continually expanding with more students, better trained faculty and more primary research capabilities. American colleges and universities are essential in educating our future workforce, conducting research, and producing innovations. What is the role of leadership in creating, managing, and sustaining innovation in your organization? Introducing organizational innovation incentives is not an easy task, and will take finesse, and people skill to be successful. The organization structure and its relationship to culture will need to be understood to develop an action plan that will fit the current and future organizational culture. Once the culture has been dissected and analyzed, it’s important to know who the key players are, in other words, those who have the power, and authority to make decisions will be the most instrumental to the success of increasing organizational innovation. During the change process it’s necessary that one possesses a certain skill set, or techniques to help deal with resistance once discovered. Communication, the art of negotiation, and people skills are the best tools one can possess when dealing with resistance to change. Once those attributes are exhibited, techniques will need to be implemented based on the leadership. What are the ethical implications of an individual reward system? To abandon or abuse the performance appraisal process is a breach of business ethics. While some managers are skillful and genuine in reviewing an individual's performance, that does not appear to be typical. The ethical ramifications of performance reviews have caused managers and employees all levels to become frustrated, cynical, and withdrawn. Many managers talk about ethics but do not recognize or act upon ethical issues in their day-to-day managerial responsibilities. Most ethical questions arise from people relationships within the organization. Managers must realize that ethics is the process of deciding and acting. Results of questions from my previous organization indicate that some of the managers believe they are recognized and reinforced for their ethical decisions and behaviors. Employees have a big stake in the way managers evaluate and operate. Managers and nonsupervisory employees alike cite concern about â€Å"politics and lack of fair treatment, honesty, and truthfulness† in connection with the performance review. References Bettina Von Stamm. (2003). Managing Innovation, Design and Creativity. Retrieved April  7, 2009, from Bettina Von Stamm, Week Five, OI 461.

Personal Trainer Essay

1. What options does Personal Trainer have for developing a new system? What are some specific issues and options that Susan should consider in making a decision Creating a web site that allows members to login and access information about their personalized fitness program. Susan needs to do some research and find out what internet development environments she wants to use such as web sphere or .net by Microsoft. Susan needs to look at the similarities and differences between the old and new center. 2. Susan has been asked to prepare a system requirements document and deliver a presentation to the management team. What should be the main elements of the system requirements document? Susan needs to create a document that includes an introduction, summary, findings, recommendations, time and cost estimates, expected benefits and an appendix, and maybe to also include charts, graphs, and/or other helpful visuals in the document to support her presentation. 3. Based on the suggestions in Part A of the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit, what visual aids should Susan use during her presentation? Susan should use power point as a visual aid, some flip charts, overhead transparencies, videos, slides, to improve her presentation. She should also prepare a contingency plan in case anything was to happen to her presentation. 4. Susan wants to prepare a presentation that will calculate the total cost of ownership for the system. What financial analysis tools are available to her, and what are the advantages (and possible disadvantages) of each tool? Payback Analysis – is the process of determining how long it takes an information system to pay for itself. The time it takes to recover the systems cost is called the payback period. Susan Can use this tool to see how long it will take to recoup her costs. Return on Investment (ROI) – percentage rate that measures profitability by comparing the total net benefits (return) received from a project to the total costs. Susan can use this tool to calculate how long it will take to see a return on her investments Net Present Value (NPV) – This tool will